Key issues to consider for a term sheet for joint venture
1. Parties Who are the parties to the joint venture? 2. Objective What is the objective of the joint venture? What business is the joint venture undertaking? 3. Structure What form/legal entity is the joint venture? 4. Shareholding What is the shareholding proportion of each party? What class of shares …
M&A due diligence: Charge over shares
One of the objectives in M&A due diligence is to ascertain that the seller has good title to the seller’s shares in the target company. This include verifying whether any charges or encumbrances have been created over those shares. Three ways to do this: 1. Include questions in the legal …
Three things to take note of in shareholders’ agreement
Shareholders’ agreement is a common agreement in an M&A transaction where there is more than one shareholder in the target company after completion of the transaction. The following are three requirements under the Companies Act 2016 of Malaysia (“𝗖𝗔”) to take note of when preparing a shareholders’ agreement: 1. Save …
The word “from” in contracts
Early in my career, an investment banker asked me how to calculate the number of days specified in a sale and purchase agreement for an M&A transaction. The agreement required Party A to do something not later 30 days from [specified date]. Does the 30 days include the specified date …
What purchasers’ legal counsel look out for in M&A due diligence on contracts
When conducting legal due diligence on contracts entered by a target company in an M&A transaction, the following are some of the provisions to look out for in the contracts: 1. Whether the counterparties may unilaterally terminate the contracts or terminate the contracts upon certain events triggered by the M&A …
M&A: Financial assistance
When structuring an M&A transaction, consideration should be given to laws relating to financial assistance which may have impact on the financing of the transaction. The laws of Malaysia relating to financial assistance is summarised below: A seller is not prohibited to provide financing to a buyer. The assets of …
Indemnities and warranties in M&A transactions
A purchaser typically requires a seller to give indemnities and warranties to safeguard the purchaser’s interest in a share or asset purchase agreement. From the purchaser’s perspective, there are some advantages of having indemnities over warranties, including the following: 1. The seller may be able to avoid liability under warranties …
Shareholders’ prior approval required for allotment of shares
The consequence of not getting shareholders’ prior approval for allotment of shares (if the approval is required under the Companies Act 2016 of Malaysia) could be severe. Therefore, if the scope of due diligence for an M&A transaction includes verifying shares in the target company have been duly allotted, the …
Sellers’ liability in M&A transaction
Where there is more than one seller in an M&A transaction, the sale and purchase agreement should set out whether the obligations of the sellers under the SPA are (1) joint and several; or (2) several and not joint. From a buyer’s perspective, it is better for the sellers’ obligations …
Completion account clause in SPA
Points to consider when drafting completion account clause in SPA 1. How much will be paid on completion of the transaction? Typically, the parties will agree on the amount to be paid on completion based on the parties’ best estimate of the purchase price with adjustment to the purchase price …